Two things to note - make sure your Date column is the Date column type and the numbers columns are all numeric. Otherwise, you may get an error on the formula column.
In the document, I have the following formula in the comparison column.
First, we need to find the date that was 5 days ago. So, we take the date in the Lab Collection Date column then subtract 5 days.
Next, we need to find the number of positive cases on that day. Format here is TABLE_NAME.lookupOne(COLUMN_A=prior).COLUMN_B where Column A is the collection date column and column B is your case count column.
Last, we compare the two! I have int() added so you can format this formula column as a numeric column. this allows you to format your result as a percentage and/or adjust the number of decimals you wish to show using the column configuration panel on the right hand side of your table.